The Rise of African-Americans from 1865 to 2012

Running Head The farm of African- Americans From 1865 To 2012, Their Struggles To Be recognise renounce Americans THE RISE OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS FROM 1865 TO 2012, THEIR STRUGGLES TO reverse FREE AMERICANS Brenda Maynard HIS204 American History Since 1865 (GSN1241A) teacher Tracy Samperio Ashford University October29, 2012 The Rise of African- Americans The Rise of African- Americans From 1865 To 2012, Their Struggles To Be produce Free Americans subsequently the gracious War smuggledened evaluate to stomach their independency, but this was non in reality the trip. Even though the approval of the thirteenth Amendment freed them from their S tabuhern masters, they were still far from existence free. The thirteenth amendment to the United verbalises Constitution provides that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the companionship sh totally have been duly convicted, shall exist inside the United States, or any dress subject to their jurisdiction (ourdocuments. gov).After surviving several(prenominal) of the most brutal in secureices and dehumanization in American history, the African-American commonwealth have gr receive to be a in good order force, overcoming requisition, unlikeness and isolation, and have worked toward the fair to middlingity and polished salutarys they now enjoy. Before the genteel War, African-Americans had dreams of freedom. After the Civil War they thought those dreams would come consecutive. precisely in reality matters got worse for them. The 14th Amendment secured equal rights, citizenship, due forge of law of nature, and equal protections to all former slaves. blacknesss had light up bingled entertain of their own destiny.Now they requisite a focus to support themselves. But this was no wakeful task, jobs for colored muckle were hard to rein and contrariety and separatism was exalted. Nothing showed this more(prenominal) than than clearly than th e Jim Crow laws. Beginning in the 1880s, the term Jim Crow was widely apply to describe pr numeralices, laws or institutions that arose from the physical insularity of etiolate-hot and bootleg people. These laws were created to offer take apart but equal treatment of scorchs and fairs. In reality Jim Crow Laws condemned obscure citizens to cheating(prenominal) treatment and sub sales boothard facilities.Public facilities such as hotels and restaurants as easy as coachs were all on a lower floor Jim Crow Laws. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the cave in but equal standard hardened by the domineering tap gave bountiful judicial support to segregation. In 1892, homing pigeon Plessy ref utilised to sit in a auto for blacks. He was The Rise of African- Americans Immediately check up oned. This case went to the overbearing Court, where it was deemed to be that a ground law that proposed that a legal singularity regarding the two races was not inconsistent with the 13t h Amendment. Because of these Jim Crow Laws African-Americans was subjected too much segregation and dissimilitude.In order to keep them under conquest and hamper political rebellion and prevent blacks from wielding the balance of power in shutting elections, southerly Democrats appealed to white solidarity to defeat the Populists, whipped up anti-Negro sentiment, disfranchised African Americans, and imposed fixed by law segregation (Lawson, no date). The Populists was a third-party uprising that threatened the popular precept over the South. To make look harder for blacks nearly all grey black men lost their right to right to take through and through measures such as treetop taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, and the white primary.All of these measures were aimed at preventing blacks from practice their right to vote. The grandfather clause was strangely aimed at blacks because it stated that anyone having the right to vote before 1866 or 1867 or their rela ted descendants would be exempt from educational, property, or tax requirements. Since former slaves did not describe the right to vote until the 15th amendment was passed, this clause excluded them. The U. S. Supreme Court declared the grandfather clauses unconstitutional in 1915, because they violated the equal voting rights guaranteed by the Fifteenth Amendment.While the southern states were very anti-negro, the northern states were a dwarfish more lenient. or so northern white people and black people exitd in different neighborhoods and attended different schools. This segregation resulted from African Americans resided in distinctive neighborhoods, because of commencement incomes well as wanting to live near other African Americans. It alike caused them to be isolated within the cities and towns they lived in. legion(predicate) blacks shed light ond themselves not as a matter of choice or custom. estate of the realmlords were not fond of renting to black people and mu ch The Rise of African- Americans urned them forth. Realtors directed blacks away from white neighborhoods. Often municipal ordinances unploughed blacks out of white areas. smuggleds were prevented from moving freely from town to town. They in any case could not be caught out at night without an stated reason. Organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan, The White fraternity, the fierce Shirts, and Knights of the White Camelia generated fear and subjection within the black connection. Klan members burned black homes, schools and churches as a reminder that blacks should not challenge white supremacy (POWELL, 2008, cut up 09).These organizations prevented Blacks from voting. Because state laws made it illegal for Blacks to own gun, blacks had no way to defend themselves. Klan members tended multitude up on their victims. Because of the Ku Klux Klan and others like them, African Americans feared for their lives on a daily bases. In 1871 Congress passed the Force Bill, giving the countryal government the power to prosecute the Klan. Because of local anesthetic anesthetic law enforcement, very few Klansmen were punished. This fount of harassment did not end with ambit War I or orb War II. Many African Americans locomote to cities work in defensive measure industries.They ofttimes face up violence and contrariety. The president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, A. Philip Randolph, and other black leaders, met with Eleanor Roosevelt and members of the Presidents cabinet to give a stop to the harassment. After this brush Roosevelt responded to the black leaders and issued Executive parade 8802, which declared, There shall be no variety in the employment of workers in defense industries and in Government, because of race, creed, color, or national line of merchandise (ourdocuments. gov). Approximately 1 million African Americans served in realism War II.Here again segregation, discrimination and isolation was the normal procedure. Most of the African Americans who went to war were isolated from the white soldiers. Many blacks were as squeezeed to work in areas of manual labor. While a minority was put in combat situations, they were badly trained and underequipped to fight (Bowles, 2011). The The Rise of African- Americans Black soldiers were situated in separate units under a white leader. Many African Americans used the war as a means to make a stand for their well-bred rights. On Feb. 1, 1946 Connecticut Gov.Raymond Baldwin said, In this war, as in others, enemy bullets did not single out any trusted race or faith. Neither was the scathe of any man diminished because he was of one particular race or faith (COCKERHAM & Courant, 1992, Sep 28). But World War II did, in fact, swap the way African Americans were treated, although it would that numerous more historic period for untried laws to stop the segregation, discrimination and isolation of blacks. There were many African Americans who worked hard to end their isolation through legislation, protest, and contributions to society. booking agent T. working capital was one of these men.Mr. capital letter was an ex-slave. He believed black men could strive a middle class stance by getting an education. He worked to gain black colleges that were built during the Reconstruction. He constituted the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. But capital letter was a conservative. His philosophy was conservative because he advocated career paths that led African Americans to rude and industrial trades, while at the equal time he urged them to adopt white, conservative standards to overcome racism (Bowles, 2011). Another African Americans who help pave the way to freedom for Blacks was W. E. B. Du Bois.Du Bois was Harvards starting time black PhD. In 1903, he published The Souls of Black syndicate, in which he openly criticized Washingtons encouragement of segregation and think of emulating middle-class white society (Bowles, 2011). Du B ois believed African Americans should fight for their gracious rights and not reside for someone else to do it for them. He also believed that a talented tenth of Blacks needed to get an education and seek the highest professions available. Du Bois matt-up this was the only way blacks could overcome the segregation, discrimination and isolation they had to live with. The Rise of African- AmericansThe mid-fifties brought many changes to the African American people. contrariety was still a big issue. historiographer Harvard Sitkoff wrote, Nourished by anger, revolutions are innate(p) of hope (Bowles, 2011). Anger and hope a great deal do not mix but, for Blacks in America in the 50s and 60s that is exactly what happen. In the Plessy v. Ferguson case (1896) the Supreme Court command that separate but equal was constitutional. Oliver brown contested this govern saying it was criminal for his daughter to have to walk a number of miles to attend an all-black school when an all-wh ite school was only three blocks away.During this time the Supreme Court had many discrimination cases to rule on, they were all rolled into one case, the embrown v. the Board of instruction of Topeka, Kansas. In 1954 the Supreme Court made a ruling on the Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. In this ruling the lofty Court said We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. fork educational facilities are inherently unequalised (Bowles, 2011). At first this seemed like a huge step forward for African Americans, and it was, but in that location were many invite out backs too.The radical of intergraded schools did not go well with some people. Orval Faubus, the governor of Arkansas refused to amount the Supreme Court Order to chuck up the sponge Black students into an all-white school. Governor Faubus had a manse posted that stated Governor Faubus has placed this school off limits to Negroes. After this sign appeared President Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers from the 101st mobile Division to wee thrill to control that the Little Rock Nine (the first gild black students in the all-white high school) were allowed to attend primaeval High School.These nine students faced many frustrations, isolation, and actual endangerment both inside and outside of telephone exchange High School. Despite the efforts of hardcore, local segregationists and Faubus melodramatic decision to close the citys schools during the 1958-59 school year, three members of the Little Rock Nine went on to graduate from Central The Rise of African- Americans (Wallach, 2004). The hardship these nine students faced was to continue for the African American population. The 60s brought active more racial tension as Black people stood their ground against discrimination and segregation.Often the people that made the biggest change were dwarfish known. Rosa put was one of these people. Mrs. Parks became a legend t o the Black community when she refused to give her seat to a white man. Through a single, small act of civil disobedience, Parks became a atom smasher for a campaign that would change the nation for the better (Barlow, 2005). This move sparked the illustrious capital of Alabama bus boycott that was organized by another soon to be famous person, Dr. Martin Luther powerfulness, younger pansys involvement in the Civil Rights Movement made him an icon. King thinking was to make a statement use a non-violent approach. Following closely with the passive philosophy of Gandhi (the leader of India during its movement for independence he was assassinated in 1948), King and the Southern Black Church false the mantle of civil rights leadership (Bowles, 2011). Sit-ins were often the choice of non-violent protest, though many Blacks were attacked by white people and many were arrested, the sit-ins went a retentive way in go the civil right cause. In 1968 Martin Luther King was assassina ted in Memphis, Tennessee. He had think to support the striking sanitation workers in Memphis.His last words leave a haunting memory, I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people will get to the Promised Land (Bowles, 2011). The sit-ins were not the only method use to move the civil rights cause ahead, there were the Freedom Rides. The Freedom Rides were formed by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating military commission (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). The idea behind the freedom rides was to draw anxiety to the Boynton v. Virginia (1946), which stated that segregation in interstate highway vehicles was unconstitutional. The Rise of African- Americans Our intention, he said, was to provoke the southern authorities into arresting us and thereby prod the Justice Department into enforcing the law of the land (Bowles, 2011). These Freedom Riders were met with much resistance. At one point a break down was thrown into the bus, e veryone escaped, but many were detriment and bleeding. Ambulance drivers refused to that the hurt black people to the hospital. The local police made no arrest in the bombing. Like the sit-ins the Freedom Riders gain attention for the Civil Rights Movement. African- Americans moved one step closer to freedom.Indifference began to creep into the minds of many former activists so the Seventies brought a mixture of results for the Civil Rights movement. During the 70s African- Americans saw a number of improvements especially in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1972, Andrew Young was elected to the 5th territorial dominion theatre of operations of Representatives. He was the first African-American to hold office since the Reconstruction. 1973 Atlanta saw its first Black Mayor when Maynard Jackson, Jr. was elected. These victories were hard won. By the 70s most of the Black Power and Civil Rights Movements had declined or on the dot fallen apart.The growth of rights for African Americans progr essed slowly from 1980 to 2011. Civil conflicts persisted on a more silent note during the 1990s as educated African Americans were admitted into the middle class. As African Americans moved from universities and colleges into the upper kind classes, there were accusations by other African Americans that, they were forgetting their heritage and they were abandoning the civil rights cause. Those being criminate of this included former Secretary of State Colin Powell and Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas.Many of these African Americans worked persistently for civil rights for African Americans. In 2008, America saw its first black President, Barack Obama. African Americans saw a hazard to overcome centuries of injustice with a new voice in the White crime syndicate and a compelling representation of multicultural America (Bowles, 2011). President Obama promised to withdraw military man from The Rise of African- Americans Afghanistan while continuing the fight. Obama also prom ised the American people universal wellness care. In Obamas acceptance speech he said If there s anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are viable who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time who still questions the power of our country tonight is your answer . . . because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America Although many people were discomfited that these promises have not been upheld in the Obama administration, he was elected to four more years as President of the United States of America, on November 6, 2012.After the Civil War the only thing that really changed for the African American people was the fact that they had no master. Segregation, discrimination and isolation were a way of life. band free by the 13th amendment, with citizenship guaranteed by the 14th amendment, black males were minded(p) the right to vote by the 15th amendment. Although black s were given the right to vote, organizations like the Ku Klux Klan saw to it that they did not vote by harassing, threating, burning and killing them.During both World Wars African American people was subjected to segregation, discrimination and isolation. Though many deserved it, no African American could receive the Medal of Honor, the highest military lay out for bravery (Bowles, 2011). But with great Civil Right leaders like Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois, blacks started to fight for their rights even more. The pathway to true freedom was a long one, many years and lives were spent gaining just a small amount of justice. But it has been a road that was well worthy traveling. The Rise of African- Americans References Barlow, D. (2005).The Long Journey from capital of Alabama to the Rotunda Education Digest Essential Readings Condensed For pronto Review, 71(4), 64-67. Available from ERIC, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 11, 2012 Bowles, M. D. (2011) American Histor y 1865-Present/ closedown of Isolation. Bridgepoint Education, Inc. San Diego, CA. (http//content. ashford. edu) COCKERHAM, W. , & Courant, S. W. (1992, Sep 28). World War II set stage for blacks to activate civil rights efforts war set the stage for black activism conflict created jobs, but few rights WWII looking at back. Hartford Courant Retrieved from http//search. proquest. om/docview/255302277? accountid=32521 Executive Order 8802 go out June 25, 1941, universal says of the United States Government Record concourse 11 National Archives. Retrieved from http//www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? bodacious=true&doc=72 Lawson, Steven F (no date) Segregation Freedoms composition TeacherServe National Humanities Center Oct. 28, 2012 http//nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/freedom/1865 1917/essays/segregation. htm POWELL, J. (2008, Mar 09). Web extra Was the civil war a terrible slide? Valley Morning Star Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/429936971? ccountid= 32521 The House Joint Resolution proposing the 13th amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865 Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999 General Records of the United States Government Record Group 11 National Archives. Retrieved from www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? flash=true&doc=40 Wallach, J. (2004). Inside diligent Territory The Struggle to Integrate Little Rocks Central High School. Conference Papers Association For The understand Of African American Life & History, N. PAG. donnish Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 11, 2012).